Numbers that matter from first 100 days of Trump’s second term

US President Donald Trump’s first 100 days back in the White House have been controversial — and that is a point of pride for his administration.

For the Republican administration, the raw numbers on executive actions, deportations, reductions in the federal workforce, increased tariff rates and other issues point towards a renewed America.

To Mr Trump’s critics, though, he is wielding his authority in ways that challenge the Constitution’s separation of powers and pose the risk of triggering a recession.

From executive orders to deportations, some defining numbers from Mr Trump’s first 100 days:

In just 100 days, Mr Trump has nearly matched the number of executive orders that his predecessor, Democrat Joe Biden, signed during the previous four years, 162. Mr Trump, at roughly 140, is essentially moving at a pace not seen since Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidency, when the Great Depression necessitated urgent action.

But the number alone fails to capture the unprecedented scope of Mr Trump’s actions.

Without seeking congressional approval, Mr Trump has used his orders and directives to impose hundreds of billions of dollars annually in new import taxes and reshape the federal bureaucracy by enabling mass layoffs.

John Woolley, a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara and co-director of the American Presidency Project, sees “very aggressive assertions of presidential authority in all kinds of ways” that are far more audacious than anything done by former presidents.

That includes Mr Biden’s student debt forgiveness programme and Barack Obama’s decision to allow residency for immigrants who arrived in the country illegally as children.

“None of those had the kind of arbitrary, forceful quality of Trump’s actions,” Mr Woolley said.

Mr Trump’s tariff agenda has unnerved the global economy. He has gone after the two biggest US trade partners, Mexico and Canada, with tariffs of as much as 25% for fentanyl trafficking. He has put import taxes on autos, steel and aluminium.

On his April 2 “Liberation Day”, he slapped tariffs on dozens of countries that were so high that the financial markets panicked, causing him to pull back and set a 10% baseline tax on imports instead to allow 90 days of negotiations on trade deals.

But that pales in comparison to the 145% tariff he placed on China, which prompted China to fight back with a 125% tax on US goods.

There are exemptions to the US tariffs for electronics. But inflationary pressures and recession fears are both rising as a trade war between the world’s two largest economies could spiral out of control in dangerous ways.

The US president has said that China has been talking with his administration, but he has kept his description of the conversations vague. The Chinese government says no trade negotiations of any kind are under way.

Mr Trump is banking on the tariffs raising enough revenue for him to cut taxes, even as he simultaneously talks up the prospect of an agreement.

So far, despite the economic risks, the Trump team shows little desire to budge, even as the president claims a deal with China will eventually happen.

“I believe that it’s up to China to de-escalate because they sell five times more to us than we sell to them,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent told CNBC on Monday.

Mr Trump said during his presidential campaign that he could quickly defuse the Russian-started war in Ukraine. But European allies and others say the US president’s statements about how to end the war reflect a troubling affinity with Russian leader Vladimir Putin.

Mr Trump’s peace proposal says that Ukraine must recognise Russian authority over the more than 10,000 square miles (26,000 square kilometres) of the Crimean Peninsula.

Ukrainian President Volodymr Zelensky rejected the idea out of hand: “There is nothing to talk about — it is our land, the land of the Ukrainian people.”

The US president is essentially asking Ukraine to surrender any claims to a land mass slightly larger than Maryland. Russia annexed the area in 2014 when Mr Obama was president, and Mr Trump says he is simply being realistic about its future.

The four meetings that Mr Trump’s envoy, Steve Witkoff, has had with Mr Putin have yet to produce a trustworthy framework for the deal that Mr Trump wants to deliver.

After recent Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian cities and towns, Mr Trump posted on social media that perhaps Putin “doesn’t want to stop the war, he’s just tapping me along”.

Trump was eager to take credit for an “epic ceasefire” agreement in the Israel-Hamas war in order to restart the release of hostages taken in Hamas’s October 7 2023 attack. But the ceasefire ended in March, and more than 2,000 Palestinians have died since the temporary truce collapsed.

Palestinian officials have put the total number of deaths above 52,200.

Food, fuel and medicine have not entered the Gaza Strip for almost 60 days.

Mr Trump said in February that he would remove the Palestinians from the Gaza Strip and relocate them elsewhere, suggesting that the United States could take over the area, level the destroyed buildings and construct a luxurious “Riviera of the Middle East”.

The Department of Government Efficiency (Doge), led by tech billionaire and adviser Elon Musk, is dramatically shrinking the government workforce. Across all agencies, there have been about 60,000 firings, including at the IRS, which might make it harder to collect taxes and reduce the budget deficit.

Another 75,000 federal workers accepted administration buyout offers. And the Trump administration has floated at least another 145,000 job cuts.

Those estimated job losses do not include the possible layoffs and hiring freezes at non-profits, government contractors and universities that had their federal funding frozen by the Trump administration.

The federal government had about three million federal employees, including at the US. Postal Service, when Mr Trump became president, according to the Labour Department.

The Trump administration says it has deported 139,000 people who were in the United States without proper legal authority. Mr Trump’s first months have also produced a sharp drop in crossings at the southwest border, with Border Patrol tracking 7,181 encounters in March, down from 137,473 the same month last year.

Deportations have occasionally lagged behind Mr Biden’s numbers, but Trump officials reject the comparison as not “apples to apples” because fewer people are crossing the border now.

The administration maintains that it is getting rid of violent and dangerous criminals. But many migrants who assert their innocence have been deported without due process.

In April, the Supreme Court directed the Trump administration to “facilitate” the return to the US of Kilmar Abrego Garcia, an El Salvador citizen who was deported to his home country.

Mr Abrego Garcia had been living in Maryland and had an immigration court order preventing his deportation to his native country over fears he would face persecution from local gangs. So far, Mr Abrego Garcia remains held in a Salvadoran prison.

Mr Trump said last week that he won the presidential election on the promise of deportations and that the courts are interfering with his efforts.

“We’re getting them out, and a judge can say, ‘No, you have to have a trial’,” Mr Trump said. “The trial’s going to take two years, and now we’re going to have a very dangerous country if we’re not allowed to do what we’re entitled to do.”